英语写作技巧——语法纽带   　　在英语写作中，语法问题是让很多考生感到头疼，深圳汉普森英语学校为大家整理了英文写作中的语法注意问题，帮助考生在语法上突破英语写作。   　　1.动词某些时、体形式的前后搭配   　　例文A: After watching a fireworks display at the Washington Monument, Navy Lieutenantcommander Williams F.  Rolland was driving his wife and children back to their home inAnnandale, Virginia. A car behind began tailgating(尾随)him dangerously, but refused topass. Reaching a traffic light, Rolland stepped out to talk to the other driver. An argument began. 　　The commander's 19-year-old son rushed to his side. The driver of the tailgating car produced arevolver(手枪)and fired three times. Rolland and his son fell mortally wounded. 　　例文B: French anthropologists（人类学家)have recently discovered surprsing informationabout the Neanderthal men（新石器时代人)who lived in caves of the Middle East some 60, 000years ago. Working in a cave about 250 miles north of Baghdad, Iraq, the Frenchmen found several Neanderthal skeletons, one of which was surrounded by small mounds of pollen(花粉)from such plants as the hollyhock, grape hyacinth, bachelor's button, and an unidentifiedevergreen shrub. The scientists reasoned that someone had carefully laid a corpse on a bier(棺架)of flowers and boughs, for the pollen grains(花粉粒)could not have been carried into thecave and so arranged by wind or four-footed animals…        深圳汉普森英语学校点评：在*段文字中。上文用过去进行体，下文用一般过去时，这种上下文的配合很自然地形成了叙事的背景及在这种背景下某一事件的发生。从而使句子之问产生了承接关系。而在第二段文字中，篇首用现在完成体作为铺叙背景，然后用一般过去时进行详细的介绍，同样建立了上下文之间的逻辑联系。   　　2.使用照应手段   　　(I)使用人称代词和物主限定词而建立的照应关系.简称为“人称照应’( personalreference);通过指示代词和指示限定词而实现的照应关系，简称为“指示照应” 　　(demonstrative reference). 　　例文A: A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere. It can go over swamps and forests. Itcan cross rivers and mountains, and it can take off or land almost anywhere without any specialpreparation. This is what makes the helicopter such a useful vehicle. 　　例文B: These are the major events that a rodeo(牛仔竞技表演)consists of: Riding anunbroken(未驯服的)range horse in a saddle; Riding a bucking bronco(跳跃的野马)without a saddle; Riding a bull; Roping a calf; Wrestling a steer（小公牛)to the ground；Racing horses around barrels (with women riders). 　　深圳汉普森英语学校点评：在*段文字中，人称代词it照应前面出现的A helicopter，指示代词This照应前面介绍的直升机的所有特征。人称照应和指示照应的使用，既避免了文字的重复，又使段落变得非常简洁。当然，照应词既可以像例文A那样后置，又可以如例文B那样。照应对象（牛仔竞技表演包括的六项具体内容）出现在下文而将照应词（指示代词These）前置。   　　(2)除了人称代词、指示代词及相应的限定词以外，还有一些副词性的指代词也能起照应作用。包括时间指代词(now, then等)和地点指代词(here，there，elsewhere等)。 　　例文:Seven o'clock in the naming, I finally got to Tian'anmen Square. Even then, I stillcouldn’一believe that I had the pleasure of seeing it with my own eyes. The Square is really very great. 　　It stands in the center of Beijing city. On the west of the Square is the Great Hall of the People and on the east are the Museum of the Chinese Revolution and the Museum of Chinese History. Here Chinesepeople can trace the history of China from its earlist beginning to the modern era. 　　深圳汉普森英语学校点评：在上面这段文字中.then与Seven ti clock in the morning进行时间照应，Here与the Museum of the Chinese Revolution and the Museum of Chinese History进行地点照应。这样，通过时间指代词和地点指代词的使用。实现了上下文的自然衔接。   　　3.使用替代和省略   　　(1) 替代(substitution)既是一种避免重复的语法手段。也是一种连接上下文的手段。 　　替代现象分为名词性替代、动词性替代和分句性替代。作为语篇纽带，不论哪一种替代现象，通常只能在卜句和下句之间起连接作用。 　　例文A: There were still situations in which I couldn't be certain my decision had been theright one, but I had learned to accept this as a constant problem for a surgeon, one that couldnever be completely resolved一and I could live with it. 　　例文B: Many people believe that there will be another world war before the end of thecentury. My father thinks so, but I believe not. 　　深圳汉普森英语学校点评：在*段文字中，*个one代替decision,第二个one代替problem。而在第二段文字中，so和not分别用来替代肯定和否定的that分句。这些替代词的运用增强了文字的简洁性和连贯性。   　　(2)省略( ellipsis)和替代一样，既是避免重复的手段，也是连接上下文的手段。省略也可分为名词性省略动词性省略和分句性省略。不管哪一种省略也都只是在上句和下句之间起连接作用，使上句和下句在语义上建立起一种相互依赖的共存关系。 　　例文A: Students should not prefer one subject to others. Histories make men wise;themathematics logic and rhetoric able to contend. 　　例文B: When summer comes, the day is getting longer and longer, and the night shorterand shorter. Most people don't know why. 　　深圳汉普森英语学校点评：在*段文字中，与“历史使人睿智”相对应的“数学使人懂逻辑、修辞使人善辩”部分都省略了make men,属于动词性省略;而在第二段文字中，既有动词性省略( is getting)又有分句性省略( why引导的整个宾语从句被省略)。